Marketing Strategy of Yibaite Lighting Based on Consumer Behavior Analysis

Governments all over the world have come to a common understanding on the importance of energy saving and emission reduction, for sustainable development of global economy, reduction of energy overuse and over-standard pollutant emissions, and the protection of global environment and natural resources. Popularization and application of energy-saving lamp is one of the important ways. In recent years, China has issued many policies about that, thus, thousands of energy-saving lamp enterprises are springing up. Yibaite Lighting is one of the regional scales.The thesis applies the consumer behavior theory to explore the factor influencing the process of consumers' purchasing, including sensation, needs, motives, attitude, culture, sub-culture and family, etc. The study adopts questionnaires methods and try to discuss the relationship between marketing strategy and consumer behavior and offer the basis of enterprises marketing policy decision.The study has designed the questionnaires on energy-saving lamp buying. I collected data on product, price, brand, channel, promotion, etc, and then analyze them applying descriptive statistics and correlation analysis method of SPSS. The thesis provides Yibate Lighting the suggestions on its marketing strategy, which include the segmentation of energy-saving lamp market and target market positioning.The thesis suggest to value product's quality and R & D on product strategy, to attach importance to brand building and management on brand strategy, to set a medium price on price strategy, to build multi-level channels and complete after-sales service on path strategy, to promote by advertising, product experience and public relations marketing.

Design and Implementation of Bank Special Assets Resolution Management System

In recent years with the deepened joint-stock reform of state-owned commercial banks,bank non-performing loan ratio has dropped to the lowest point after historical burden digestion and spin-off of suspicious loans.However,we have not fundamentally eliminated the formation mechanism of non-performing assets.In this case the preservation of the bank's assets can only be strengthened,and not weakened. Asset protection management is responsible for the management of the special assets like non-performing bank assets,debt asset and debt-equity swaps.It has an important effect on collection,management and disposal.The operational objectives of asset protection sector are to make full use of professional skill to make collection quickly and effectively,disposal of non-performing assets,and it will make a contribution to reduce the amount of asset losses and loss rate,maximize the ultimate recovery of non-performing assets and improve the quality of bank assets.On the basis of current quality of bank credit assets and asset preservation situation,this paper bases on practical analysis of business and makes an intensive study of domestic asset protection sector workflow.Moreover this paper has rationalized and standardized the preservation of business solve assets.What's more I resolve the issue of risk control in preservation and the problems of information collection,communication data transmission and the efficiency of statistical analysis. At last the system resolves the issue of value and performance appraisal.From the perspective of technology,preservation of business assets management system framework use the latest technology of J2EE(JSF+Spring+Hibernate),and through the component technology it builds a scalable application solutions with a distinguishing feature of easy to implement,loosely coupled and highly scalable,and data storage on the use of popular ORACLE database technology and the data presentation uses COGNOS+RIDE Technology.From the view of theory application, this system based on Best Practices of multi-directional monitor the comprehensive risks,and emphasizes flexibility and standardization to help achieve service management.This paper bases on the idea of software engineering.From the aspects of needs analysis,framework design,database design,development environment configuration and programming testing,it detailed the implementation.

Change in the Exchange Rate of the RMB and Employment of the Labor Force in China

The change in the exchange rate of RMB will affect many aspects of Chinese economy.What beneficial effects on economy and what effects inimical to economy has long been the focus of academic community.However,some issues are less mentioned,for instance,the relationship between change of the RMB exchange rate and employment,one of the important measures of economic development and social stability;the channels through which the change of the RMB exchange rate influence the employment;the measures China should take to stabilize the employment rate when there are changes in the RMB exchange rate.It is clear that a careful analysis of these issues will have a great practical significance for the economic development in China.Firstly,the paper introduces some related concepts of employment and exchange rate,focused on the difference between the nominal and real exchange rates,price index that impacts the calculation of real effective exchange rate,characteristics of the labor market and the present situation and major issues of labor-intensive industries in China,and reviews the academic study of the relationship between the change of exchange rate and employment and explains the research characteristics of this paper.The second chapter depicts the present situation of RMB and employment in China,and explores the correlation of change in the RMB exchange rate and fluctuations in employment.The third chapter analyzes mechanism of the impact of changes in the RMB exchange rate on the employment in China.The change in the RMB exchange rate indirectly acts on the employment mainly through foreign trade, investment and consumption.Under the same condition,RMB appreciation will cause the decline in employment through the three factors,and vice versa.According to the analysis in the previous chapters,the fourth chapter makes analysis from exchange rate changes to stimulating the economic development of our country,and then to the employment transmission mechanism.Aiming at the impact of change in the RMB exchange rate on employment,the paper sums up the main conclusions and propose policy recommendations.

The Construction of Full-Length cDNA Library during the Oil-Formation Phase of the Cotton Seed & the Cloning of pepc Gene

Cotton is an important economic crop and oil crop as well as an important strategic material.Its cultivation area is large and it can be widely distributed and at the same time it is fairly adaptable.In China,the cotton acreage has stabilized at more than 8000 mu,total output has reached more than seven million tons.The cottonseed as the main by-product of cotton production has reached 13 million tons. The seed contents rich oil which is about 30%-45%is an important source of oil-bearing crops.So far, the report on the formation of cottonoil related genetic research is rarely found both at home and abroad. In this study,we took the Gossypium barbadense L.development seeds as materials,and constructed the full-length cDNA library of cotton seeds during the oil -formation phase of the Gossypium barbadense L.according to the technique in the instruction of CLONTECH company Creator^TM SMARTM PCR cDNA Library Construction Kit.We also made EST sequencing and analysis based on this library The capacity of the primarily built library was 5×10⁶ and the library titer was 1.5×10⁸ cfu·mL^-1.We randomly selected 180 clones in the library to make PCR testing and the results showed that the length of the inserted fragments were mainly between 1.0-2.0 kb.And then we randomly picked 2170 clones to make the 3' end of one-way sequencing and got a total of 1831 effective sequence with the average sequence length up to 423bp which contained 1459 pieces of Unigenes.We made a BLAST comparison between all the acquired EST sequence with the NCBI database of nt and nr and found that 67.51%of the EST sequence showed a higher degree of homology with the existing nucleic acid sequence;It also showed 75.12%of the EST with a higher protein sequence homology;And there were a total of 38 EST sequences having something to do with the oil formation which accounted for 2.60 percent of all Unigenes.Phosphoenolpyruvate shuttle enzyme(PEPC) is a fixation enzyme of CO₂ which catalyzed from phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) to generate acetic acid grassland(OAA) reaction and mainly played multiple roles in energy and metabolism in the biosynthesis.This study cloned a new pepc gene from 7124 Gossypium barbadense L.by using RACE and chromosome walking(GenomeWalking) technology according to the published the PEPC gene EST sequence and named it Gb.pepc3.The full-length of the sequence was 3259bp which contained a 2910 bp open reading frame encoded 969 amino acids.Its estimated molecular weight was 110.7 Kd and the isoelectric point was 6.08 I.It had shown high similarity between Gb.pepc3 and the C3 type pepc of the other reported plants through the comparison of Gb.pepc3 protein homology and the analysis phylogenetic trees which was above 75%. FQ-PCR results showed that Gb.pepc3 was wide spreaded in various organizations of the cotton among which the expression in the embryo was the highest and the expression in the fiber was relatively lower. The expression Gb.pepc3 changed in various stages of seed development:the Gb.pepc3 expression reached its peak 15 days after the flowering of Gossypium barbadense L.whereas the expression of Gb.pepc3 reached the peak 20 days after the flowering of the upland cotton.In addition,there were significant differences between the expression of upland cotton and Gossypium barbadense L..The cloning of PEPC gene cotton had great significance on research and application of cotton PEPC geneis. I would contribute to the understanding the mechanism of photosynthesis of cotton and provide theoretical and technical support in increasing the oil content of cotton seed.

Initial Exploration on Post World War Ⅱ Taiwan Regional Architecturtural Expression

This thesis is focus on Post World WarⅡRegional Architecture Expressions in Taiwan as its study domain.Its goal is aiming on to look into the essence and culture on contemporary Taiwan and its future development.Taiwan,the island of Formosa,went through a series of governments,such as:Dutch,and Hispanic era,Ming and Manchu Dynasties,the Empire of Japan,and for the time being on "R.O.C.State" ruling influences.After accepting the impact from post WWⅡWestern style on architectural concepts as well as influences from later post modem several theories,Regional Architecture expression of Taiwan displays multi aspects on its landscape.Furthermore, the relief on ideological structure and wakeup of localism consciousness combines with localism concepts from the ideas of contemporary architect,therefore their influences are quite obvious.Applying time as section axis,the post WWⅡTaiwan Regional Architecture forms can be described and categorized into 3 periods:At the early stage of post WWⅡ,to drop out the colonial culture is essential while ruling by R.O.C.In the era of nationalism conscious was in high tide,during that era,the Regional Architecture culture was emphasis on the Chinese culture to be resurged. On the stage of self-identity of localism was aimed to find its own roots.During the high tide of local culture wakeup.In that era,the Regional Architecture culture was emphases to present the multi-aspects on Taiwanese own localism architectures.Reflection era of contemporary architectural thoughts,under the influences from globalized concept and localism considerations.During that era of architectural culture was described as back to the reality environment in Taiwan society.This study is trying to search for the sequence ideas from historical culture development,in order to find out its future developmental direction and path for Taiwan Regional Architecture culture.With its final goal is to expect to hold the experience of Taiwan own architectural design with localism by itself,in order to provide the positive and advanced concepts on Mainland China and Taiwan which would be focus on localism culture with its multi- aspects repeated impacts.However,in the end,it is still important to apply the principle of "To do what is suitable for the environment",based on its "Geographic ethic".Also,it is important to put the humanism and natural environmental and ecological concern into considerations to come out further dialogue and interaction. The main structure of this thesis would like to describe culture ideological background on Chapter 2,as well as applying dynamic period of time as section axis to study its history on Chapter 3 for further research and conclude the expressional spirits from post WWⅡ Taiwan Regional Architecture culture,along with the help from Chapter 4 which was focus on case study as introduction.It is my hope within those limited chapters can be expressed noticeably to the inner structure and spirit of Taiwan Regional Architecture culture in order to inspire and uncover the ideas and creations from Taiwan architectures for the aspect of regional.

Experimental Determinations of Phase Equilibria in the Fe-V-X (X: Nb, Ti) Systems and Development of Thermodynamic Database of Microalloyed Steel and Its Applications

Micro-alloying technology of low-carbon steel is a new field of the metallic materials in the 1970s,and is also an important method to improve the material properties.Fe-V-X(X:Nb,Ti) alloy system is the important sub-system to develop the microalloyed steel,and is also the promising hydrogen storage material system.The study of the phase diagrams of the Fe-V-X(X:Nb,Ti) system is the basis of alloy design and investigation performance in these systems.In the present work,the studies of phase equilibria in the Fe-V-X(X:Nb,Ti) system were experimentally carried out.The thermodynamic database of microalloyed steel system was initially developed under the framework of the CALPHAD,and its applications were discussed.Major research results are listed as follows:(1) This work is to firstly experimentally determine four isothermal sections at 1000℃,1100℃,1200℃and 1300℃in the Fe-V-Nb ternary system.(2) Based on the reports of the thermodynamic assessments of the Fe-V,Fe-Nb and Nb-V sub-binary systems in ternary Fe-V-Nb system,the thermodynamic optimization was carried out by combining the CALPHAD method with the experimental results in this study.Calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.(3) Six isothermal sections at 800℃,1000℃,1050℃,1100℃,1200℃and 1300℃in the Fe-V-Ti ternary system were experimentally established,and a new ternary compound Fe₃Ti₆V₁ with a hexagonal lattice of the MgZn₂ type,which is named as the "φ" phase in this paper,was identified by XRD measurement in the Fe-V-Ti ternary system;(4) Based on the reports of the thermodynamic assessments of the Fe-V,Fe-Ti and Ti-V sub-binary systems in ternary Fe-V-Ti system,the thermodynamic optimization was carried out by combining the CALPHAD method with the experimental results in this study.Calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.(5) The thermodynamic database of the Fe-V-Nb-Ti-C-N system was developed based on the present and previous thermodynamic assessments.Some vertical sections and phase fraction diagrams on the multicomponent systems were calculated from this database.These calculated results indicate that V can be substituted by Nb in some extent,and the effect of 0.01 wt.%Nb on the carbonitride precipitation in microalloyed steel is equivalent to that of 0.02-0.05 wt.%V.

Electro-driving Separation Performance and Integration with Microfluidic Chip of Nanofiltration Membrane

Membrane technology is commonly used as laboratory and industrial separation technology and on-chip integrated in the membrane separation unit operation is an important issue in the area of lab-on-chip. This thesis is to investicate the electro-driving permeation performance of nanofiltration membrane outside the chip, and to integrate nanofiltration membrane in the glass microfluidic chip. The main work and results are summarized as follow:1. Polypiperazine - amide nanofiltration membranes and nylon 6,6 membranes were prepared by interfacial polymerization. Effects of trimesoyl chloride solution concentration on morphology and thickness of nanofiltration membranes were studied. Experimental results showed that the roughness and porosity of the oil phase surface of nanofiltration membranes increased with trimesoyl chloride solution concentration, but the water phase surface varied oppositely. The thickness of nanofiltration membranes increased with trimesoyl chloride solution concentration, and this membrane belongs to uniform membrane.2. The permeability of cation (Ca²⁺ and Na⁺) and anions (SO₄^2- and Cl^-) of different valence and retention property of buffer solution ion and FITC labeled amino acids of nanofiltration membrane under DC electric field driving were investigated. Effects of electric field and operation time on the ion permeability of nanofiltration membrane were studied. Experimental results showed that the permeation order of cation and anions of nanofiltration membrane by electro-driving were the same as the pressure-driven. The ion peameation percentage was increased with electric field strength and operation time, and the difference of permeation performance between ions was not significant. However, FITC labeled glycine and lysine were blocked totally, and buffer solution ions (Na⁺, B₄O₇^2-) could pass through the membrane.3. The SO₄^2- and Cl^- permeability and retention property of FITC labeled amino acids of nylon 6,6 membrane under DC electric field driving were first investigated. Nylon 6,6 membranes were prepared by interfacial polymerization, and the SO₄^2- and Cl^- and FITC labeled amino acids permeability of nylon 6,6 membrane were studied by electro-driving. And effects of electric field, operation time and temperature on the SO₄^2- and Cl^- permeability of nylon 6,6 membrane were studied. Experimental results showed that the permeation percentage of SO₄^2- and Cl^- is high and similar for nylon 6,6 membrane, but FITC labeled glycine and lysine were blocked totally, the molecular weight cutoff is around 500. So in a broader sense, the synthesized nylon 6,6 membrane is one kind of nanofiltration membrane.4. Set up the integration method of nanofiltration membrane in microfluidic chip, and design and fabricate glass microfluidic chip, and nanofiltration membranes were in-situ prepared by interfacial polymerization in micro-channel. The chip configuration and fluid flow rate on the stability of fluid interfaces were studied, and nanofiltration membranes integration was tried at the connection of the two micro-channel. Retention results showed that FITC could be completely blocked.

Study of the Reactivity of Osmapyridiniums and Osmanaphthalene

The chemistry of transition-metal-containing aromatic compounds is attracting increasing research interests because they show the aromaticity as well as the reactivities of organometallics.Till now,the research interests are mainly focused on the development of new synthetic method and the expanding scope of the aromatic metallacycles.In this thesis,the relatively less developed metallapyridine and metallanaphthalene were investigated.The two osmapyridiniums were synthesized by the hydride osmium carbyne and benzonitrile via the[4+2]cycloaddition reaction. And the reactivity of the osmapyridiniums was also investigated,affording another two osmapyridines and one osmapyridine.In addition,the reaction of osmanaphthalene with different kinds of ligands gave new osmanaphthalenes.The reaction between CO and the by-product of hydride osmium carbyne to give the osmium vinyl compound was also studied.This thesis contains five chapters.In chapter 1,the research background of the transition-metal-containing aromatic compound was reviewed.It is notable that the stable examples of metallanaphthalene and metallapyridine are very rare.In chapter 2,the[4+2]cycloaddition reaction between hydride alkenylcarbyne complex and benzonitrile was described,affording two osmapyridinium compounds 2-5 and 2-6.The reactivity of osmapyridinium 2-6 and 2-3 was also investigated, giving another two osmapyridinium 2-7 and 2-8 and one osmapyridine 2-9, respectively.In chapter 3,the reactivity of osmanaphthalene 3-1 was investigated.Two osmanaphthalene 3-2 and 3-3 were obtained from the reaction of osmanaphthalene 3-1 with phenanthroline and acetonitirle,respectively.In chapter 4,the reaction of CO and the unstable compound 4-1 was investigated, giving the osmium vinyl compound 4-2.In chapter 5,the innovation of this dissertation was summarized and the prospect of this research is presented.

Studies on Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane over Cesium Salts of 12-tunstophosphoric Acid and Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol over Cu-zeolite Catalysts with Molecular Oxygen in Gas-phase

This dissertation first studied the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over Cs salts of Keggin-type Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀ which were synthesized by precipitation between dilute aqueous solutions of H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ and Cs₂CO₃.From XRD,IR, N₂-adsorption,SEM,H₂-TPR and NH₃-TPD characterizations,it is clear that along the increase in Cs content of Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀ samples,the concentration of acid site decreased gradually,and the microstructure transformed step by step from compact large particles(for Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀,x＜2.0) to nano-sized spheres with which mesoporous structure was constructed(for Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀,x＞2.2).The relationship between catalytic behaviors and the physicochemical properties of Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀ samples suggests that the acidity and the microstructure played important roles on determining their catalytic performance in ODH of C₃H₈.Over the Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀ (0.9＜x＜2.0) catalysts without mesoporous structure,the conversion of C₃H₈ decreased along the abatement in the concentration of acid site,and the selectivity of C₃H₆ formation was much higher than those over Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀(2.2≤x≤2.7) catalysts.Over the Cs_xH_3-xPW₁₂O₄₀(2.2≤x≤2.7) catalysts with mesoporous structure, the conversion of C₃H₈ was slightly improved although the concentration of acid site decreased,however most of the target products C₃H₆ was converted to CO₂,probably owing to the strong adsorption effect of mesopores for C₃H₆.The highest yield of C₃H₆ was achieved over the Cs_1.5H_1.5PW₁₂O₄₀ catalyst which possessed concentrated acid site and non-porous structure.This dissertation also studied the hydroxylation of benzene with molecular oxygen in gas-phase over Cu-H-ZSM-5 catalysts which were synthesized by solid state ion exchange method.From XRD,UV-vis and H₂-TPR characterizations,it is clear that ion exchange calcination temperature,Cu loading and Si/Al ratio can change the interaction strength between Cu species and support(ZSM-5),and also the dispersion of Cu species.The state of Cu species determine the catalytic performance in hydroxylation of benzene.The maximum yield of benzene(＞10%) was achieved over the SR1123K-1.5wt%Cu-ZSM-5(25) catalyst.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis over ZrO2-SiO2 Supported Cobalt Catalysts

The synthesis of liquid fuels based on Fischer-Tropsch(FT) synthesis from coal-, nautral gas- or biomass-derived syngas have received much attention from the viewpoint of decreasing the dependency on petroleum.The design and synthesis of FT synthesis catalysts with high activity and high selectivity are of significant in the efficient utilization of non-petroleum resources such as coal,natural gas and biomass. This dissertation contributes to the studies on the FT synthesis catalyzed by supported cobalt heterogeneous catalysts.The cobalt catalysts loaded on ZrO₂-SiO₂ composite oxide support have mainly been studied,and the enhancing effect of ZrO₂ has been investigated.The structrures of catalyst have been characterized to gain insights into structure-performance relationships.We found that as compared to single ZrO₂ and SiO₂,ZrO₂-SiO₂ composite-supported Co catalysts exhibited higher C₅⁺ selectivities and lower CH₄ selectivities.The optimization of catalyst composition by changing the cobalt loading, method for preparation of composite oxides and the weight ratio of ZrO₂ to SiO₂, reveals that the 5 wt%Co/ZrO₂-SiO₂(ZrO₂/SiO₂ = 1) shows the best performance for C₅⁺ formation.Under 523 K,2.0 MPa,gas flow 20 ml/min,and CO/H₂ = 2/1,the 5 wt%Co/ZrO₂-SiO₂(ZrO₂/SiO₂=1) provided 45.9%CO conversion and 91.6%C₅⁺ selectivity,and methane selectivity was 4.2%.Characterizations using N2-physical adsorption,XRD,TEM,CO-chemical absorption and H₂-TPR suggested that ZrO₂ enhance the reducibility of the cobalt species and increased the dispersion of cobalt.We propose that the dispersion, appropriate particle size and reducibility of cobalt species are key factors in FT synthesis.

Studies on ～(14)C Age and ～(14)C Tracing for Subtropical Forest Soils in South China

Global temperature change caused by the greenhouse gases is one of hotspot of the global change studies. Global carbon cycle study is a key to the change. Forest soil plays an important role in global carbon cycle,but emphasized a lack of fundamental knowledge of soil carbon dynamics. Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is one of ideal regions that can make up the blank because of its unique feature. Some parameters,such as 14C,soil organic matter,total nitrogen and pH,are measured in Wukesong profile,Qingyunsi profile and Kengkou profile. Conclusions given follow as.Red earth of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve are all products of Holocene. The maximums apparent 14C ages are 5572a for Wukesong profile,8663a for Qingyunsi profile,283 Oa for Kengkou profile,respectively.Organic matter of red earth is comprised of the active and inactive (or static) components,of which decomposition rates and turnover times are 0.29-0.56 a-1 and 1.8-3.4 a for active components,and <1.02 X 10-3 a-1 and >621 a for inactive components.There is an apparent positive linear correlation between 14C ages and depths. Ages of every soil layers decrease with increasing depth. The correlation indexes of fitting function between I4C ages and depths are all over the significant level.Pedogenesis efficiencies of red earth are 39.988 a/cm for Qingyunsi profile,38.355 a/cm for Wukesong profile and 19.735 a/cm for Kengkou profile,repectively. The difference of pedogenesis efficiency may be attributed to microtopography and vegetation.Organic carbon fluxes of red earth are 28.62g C-cm-2.a-1 for Wukesong profile,24.40g C-cm-2.a-1 for Wukesong profile and 9.39g C-cm-a'1 for Kengkou profile,respectively. Average organic carbon flux of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is 22.76g C-cm'a"1. Total exchanged organic carbon of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is up to 2.72X1012gC annually.The correlation of SOM-Total N,pH-SOM,pH-Total N,Depth-SOM,Depth-Total N are over the significant level at P=0.01.

The Study of Noise in CW. LD End-Pumped Nd:YAG Laser

The noise in DPL has seriously influenced the property of output beam. A C.W. LDend-pumped NdfYAG laser being the model for the experiment, the artic1e dea1s with suchnoise as intensity noise, frequency noise and field distributing noise of DPL laser. ThefOllowing results are obtained: The relaxation oscillation of laser is the main reason ofintensity noise. The frequency of relaxation oscillation shifts to high frequency with theincrease of pump power and shifts to low frequency with the rising of crystal temperature.The gain in laser decreases as crystal temperature raised, then results the falling of outputpower. Other conclusions about frequency of output and M2 are also reached. Based onexperiment data, the change of upper energy lever life of Nd:YAG particles on temperatureis also worked out as l.83 W/K, and the change of emission section on temperature is -0.l46 X l0-locm2/K.

The Theory of Reason: A View on Dudlev Shapere's Philosophy of Science

With describing the historical background around Shapere's ideas and approsching the critical views and analyses put forward by Shapere to the ideas o-f Logical Empiricism and Historicism which is represented by T.Kuhn and P.Feyerabend, the author considers that the process of devoloping of Shap(?)e's the ought is made of three stages. On exam(?)ning the internal relation between ths notion " reason "and Shapere's main viewpoints, including the domain's theory, the theory of rationality of science, ths theory of truth, the theory of meaning and scientific realism etc., the paper presents an important (?)iew to understand Shapers's thinking,that "reason" is the crucial notion in his viewpoints, Shapere's ideas on philosophy of science may be called " the theory of reason", The paper also gives a brief com-ment on Shapare's ideas, the author thinks that the theory of reason is a new development of rationalism.

Studies on ～(14)C Age and ～(14)C Tracing for Subtropical Forest Soils in South China

Global temperature change caused by the greenhouse gases is one of hotspot of the global change studies. Global carbon cycle study is a key to the change. Forest soil plays an important role in global carbon cycle,but emphasized a lack of fundamental knowledge of soil carbon dynamics. Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is one of ideal regions that can make up the blank because of its unique feature. Some parameters,such as 14C,soil organic matter,total nitrogen and pH,are measured in Wukesong profile,Qingyunsi profile and Kengkou profile. Conclusions given follow as.Red earth of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve are all products of Holocene. The maximums apparent 14C ages are 5572a for Wukesong profile,8663a for Qingyunsi profile,283 Oa for Kengkou profile,respectively.Organic matter of red earth is comprised of the active and inactive (or static) components,of which decomposition rates and turnover times are 0.29-0.56 a-1 and 1.8-3.4 a for active components,and <1.02 X 10-3 a-1 and >621 a for inactive components.There is an apparent positive linear correlation between 14C ages and depths. Ages of every soil layers decrease with increasing depth. The correlation indexes of fitting function between I4C ages and depths are all over the significant level.Pedogenesis efficiencies of red earth are 39.988 a/cm for Qingyunsi profile,38.355 a/cm for Wukesong profile and 19.735 a/cm for Kengkou profile,repectively. The difference of pedogenesis efficiency may be attributed to microtopography and vegetation.Organic carbon fluxes of red earth are 28.62g C-cm-2.a-1 for Wukesong profile,24.40g C-cm-2.a-1 for Wukesong profile and 9.39g C-cm-a'1 for Kengkou profile,respectively. Average organic carbon flux of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is 22.76g C-cm'a"1. Total exchanged organic carbon of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve is up to 2.72X1012gC annually.The correlation of SOM-Total N,pH-SOM,pH-Total N,Depth-SOM,Depth-Total N are over the significant level at P=0.01.

Transmembrane Cascade in Host Cells During EPEC Adhension

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), a fecal-mouth transmission pathogen leads multiple infections in human beings, including severe diarrhea in infants, enteric and urinary tract infections in adults. Since 1970's, EPEC functions as an active cause in nosocomical infecions. The process by which EPEC infect host cells in intestinal tract observed as initial attachment →invasion and internalization→tissue damage. Recently, it has been demonstrated that EPEC can trigger off a cascade of host cell signals which fascilitates the intimate attachment and invasion of bacteria.Our research reported here showed:1 GTP analogue guanosine-5'-o-(3-[35S]thio) triphosphate ([35S]GTP γ S) binding test demonstrated that adherence of EPEC improved the binding of host cell membrane to GTP . E7, a piliated EPEC strain had a markedly stronger effect than H511, a non-piliated EPEC strain. The results suggested that receptors for bacterial binding could be a G protein coupled structure.2 Free calcium in cytoplasm was sharply increased by EPEC adhesion as shown by the pictures shot in the laser confocal microscope in which Fluo-3/AM, a membrane-permeate Ca2+ probe was used to bind and label calcium molecules in cytoplasm. Both E7 and H511 had the Ca2+-increasing effect though the later had a meager function.3 When Staph. aureus and a-hemolytic streptococcus, the Gram positive bacteria , which without outer membrane structure were tested in our system by the incubation of bacteria with host cells, neither GTP γ S binding nor calcium accumulation were found. However, the intact outer membrane isolated from EPEC could mimic the function of the bacteria cells in the improvement of GTPγS binding as well as Calcium accumulation in host cell.4 Ca2* increase in host cells as well as a result of EPEC binding was partially inhibited by either Dantrolene, a Ca2* release inhibitor or carrying out the experiment in Ca2* -free medium. The result suggested that Ca2* increased in host cells by both cytoplasmic Ca2* store release and Ca2* influx.

Fractal Interpolation and Visulization of Geochemical Exploration Type Data in Frame of GIS

The Geographical Information System (GIS) has become more and more commonly available over past 10 years, Meanwhile, interpolation of data sets is becoming a common problem for geographical and geological researchers. It is needed to build digital terrain models (DTM) in geochemical and geophysical exploration and the like.There exit abundant references on methods of interpolation for DTM and other models, with a number of them used as an entry point to the exploration of different interpolation models. Methods of interpolation may be divided into types: exact and approximate. The former preserves the values at data points, while the latter smoothes out the data. Another popular way to classify interpolation methods is by the influence range of the data points involved. Global and piecewise methods are applied for interpolation respectively when all sample points and only data nearby are taken into consideration. The surfaces obtained from conventional methods are usually non-stationary and non-periodic, the use of overly distant points may deform the interpolation surface. Therefore, a local and exact interpolation method on surface patches is widely considered satisfactory. With the development of nonlinear theories, interpolation methods are grouped into linear and non-linear ones. Non-linear interpolation is attracting more and more attention, especially those established on fractal thoery. It is considered that the graphs handled by fractal interpolation reveals more details, though there are still many problems to solve. The features of real topography and surface may be well reproduced by the fractal interpolation, their have the same spectrum with the real ones.ARC/INFO is a popular GIS system, and has powerful ability of spatial analysis. It would be a good idea to handle data using fractal interpolation and then display and analyze them using the ARC/INFO platform. This is also true in handling data from geographical survey and geological exploration.INTERFACE FOR ASC II FILES IN ARC/INFO In ARC/INFO, there are many interfaces for exchange data beween applications. In the TIN (Triangulation Irregular Network) model, for example, the surface model may be built from a wide variety of sources, including coverage. ASC II files such as xyz photogrametric data, pre-existing tins and sample points may be extracted from lattices. A corresponding command option is supplied in the Createtin command for different sources.The Generation option is used to input ASCII text files, containing x, y, z coordination for points, lines or polygons in the Generate input format. Different input files have different formats. The format for generate files containing points is :The feature ID is usually assigned a value of 1 in default. The end of the file is indicated with the end keyword.To convert coverages to generate files , the ARC/INFO supplies the ungenerate command. These commands and their options are used in this paper to exchange data with ARC/INFO.ALGORITHM OF SRA The Successive Random Addiction (SRA ) was, at first used to produce artificial topography. Its basis is the Brownian Motion and the fractal Brownian Motion (FBM). The following statement presents the main thought of SRA to produce a fractional Brownian curve (in 1 -dimension).A curve is produced on [0, 1] at the presumption that the values of y at the two ends are y0 and yl, respectively. So the value of yj/2 at the middle point (x = 1/2) may be gotten from the equation:in which, Ay is a perturbation motion, and Ay N(0, x2H). As many points as need may be gotten through the same way.The idea can be developed to the 3-D irregular distribution point data. Supposed the value z at the point (x, y) be needed. The no points near the point (x, y) are selected according distance, and them are let different weight on distance, the average value z of these n0 points may be gotten. It is the basic value ZQ at (x, y). According to FBM, a perturbation motion Az N(0, CT2(Ax2+Ay2)H) is added to the basic value ZQ, the final value

Effect of Compound Pollution of Heavy Metals on Soil Enzymic Activities and Rape

Pot experiment was conducted to study effect of single cadmium, zinc and lead as well as compound pollution of the three elements on soil enzymic activities and rape grown in medium loam meadow cinnamon soil. The four enzymes studied in the experiment include calatase, urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase. The results showed that the influence of single element Cd on soil enzymic activities was greater than that of single Zn and Pb in general. The inhibiting concentration of Cd on soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase all started from 5 mg. kg-1. Among the four soil enzgmes studied, single element Zn exbihibited obvious inhibiting effect on the other soil enzymic activities in addition to the activating function on phosphatase. In general, effect of single Pb on the four soil enzymes mainly exhibited activating function. The inhibiting effect of the three elements on soil enzymes had a toxicity order: Cd>Zn>Pb. So it is feasible to use urease activity as primary biochemical index to evaluate the polluted leavel of Cd and Zn. Influence of Cd-Zn-Pb compound pollution on soil enzymic activities differed from that of each single element treatment. And effect of compound pollution of the three heavy metals on four soil enzymic activities was different too. Under Cd-Zn-Pb coexisting condition, inhibiting effect of the combination on urease activity was greatest and urease activities of combination of the three elements were obviously lower than those of single elements. Especially under Cd-Zn coexisting condition, the synergistic function of Cd-Zn markedly decreased urease activity. simultaneously, the activating effect of Pb on urease activity was inhibited under compound pollution condition. Therefore, the characteristic of Cd-Zn-Pb compound pollution exhibited synergistic inhibiting neg- ative effect. Cd-Zn-Pb compound pollution for calatase activity exhibited protective effect to some extent. Under combination of Cd-Zn-Pb, mainly with increasing contents of Cd, intertase and phosphatase activitiees decreased very significantly.But effect of Zn and Pb on invertase and phospatase activities wasn't evident. It is thus clear that influence of compound pollution of heavy metals on soil enzymic activities was very complex and the three coexisting elements had a toxicity order on soil enzymes; Cd>Zn>Pb. Meanwhile, the paper also indicated that the rape yields of each single element treatment were different. There was a increasing effect on rape yield when Cd and Zn had low concentration and there was a reducing effect when they were high concentration, and there's a effect with a toxicity order: Cd>Zn>Pb. The combination of Cd-Zn exhibited synergistic decreasing effect on rape yield, whereas the rape yield of Pb element treatment was increased in the experiment. The toxicity sequence of the three elements on rape yield was Cd>Zn>Pb. Whether Cd, Zn and Pb were separate or compound pollution, their accumulation in rape evidently increased with increasing concentration of Cd, Zn and Pb. Cd and Zn were mainly accumulated in leave and root of rape. But Pb was mainly accumulated in root and the amounts of movement of Pb from root to shoot were very low. The accumulation of heavy metals in the edible parts of rape depended on their interaction in addition to their doses and properties by themself with an accumlation rate order: Cd>Zn>Pb, Therefore Cd was absorbed very easily by rape and it had the greatest potential toxicity to human. Zn supplied in soil significantly suppressed Cd accumulation in rape top. The ralation between ionic implusion and rape yield revealed that ionic implusion was proposed as a contral index of heavy metals compound pollution studied in the present experiment. And urease activities significantly decreased with increasing inonic implusion, So it was feasible to use soil urease activity as primary bichemical index to evaluate Cd-Zn-Pb compound pollution in the soil.

Isolation, Detection of Enterovirus and Establishment of Quick, High-throughput EV71 Neutralization Assay

Hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) is popular in children,which is caused by many enteroviruses.EV71 is the main agents of HFMD in china these years.The HFMD caused by EV71 sometimes is associated with the hurt in central neural system,but there are no diagnostic reagents and effective vaccine against EV71,so the research of EV71 is very important to the development of EV71 diagnostic reagent and vaccine.In this research,we have build a platform of enterovirus isolation and identification,and a quick、high-throughput EV71 neutralizing method,we also do some basic research on the EV71 animal model.All these work will make a contribution to the research of EV71 diagnostic reagents and vaccine.In this research,we build a panel of enterovirus through virus isolation and culture,including 37 strains of EV71,9 strains of CA16 and 11 strains of non EV71＆CA16.We can do a large scale of EV71 production,concentration and purification.Now we have achieved EV71 virus with a high titer and purity.EV71 neutralization assay is important in the detection of ev71 infection.Virus isolation,RT-PCR and neutralizing test are gold criterions of EV71 indentify.The virus isolation and RT-PCR sometimes are difficult because of the virus titers are too low,so neutralization assay is a credible method to detect someone who have ever infected by EV71.In addition,the level of neutralizing antibody is important in EV71 vaccine development.The TCID50 test is a general method now used to detect the EV71 neutralizing antibody.This method is tome-consuming,need 7 days to wait for the results.The workload is too heavy to do enough samples.The manual estimation may cause subjective error.So the TCID50 test can not afford the quick and high-throudhput EV71 neutralization assay.In this research,we eatablished a new method for EV71 neutralization assay.This method is based on Elispot and CTL automated spot-scanning.We used a EV71 antibody marked with HRP to capture the EV71 which infected RD cells,then add TMB to make the infected cells be blue spots.We can achieve the results through the CTL automated spot-scanning apparatus.This method is quick and high-throughput, we need only 30 hours to get the results.The automated scanning is more creditable and stable then TCID50 method.We have do some work to optimize the new EV71 neutralization assay to make it more stable.This method has a good relativity with TCID50 method,the sensitivity,speciality and repeatability of new method is good, this research make a proof for the use and popularize of the new EV71 neutralization assay.Now,there are no good vaccine for enterovirus except the IPV and OPV for poliovirus.The EV71 vaccine development is important,the EV71 animal model is the basement of vaccine development.This research also do some experiment about the EV71 animal model.We make ICR neonatal mice as a EV71-infected model,the mice infected by EV71 show some syndromes of weigh-lost,tremble,paralysis and even death.The immunoassay of tissues show that there are EV71 in the brain of the dead mice,this basic work is useful for the later EV71 animal research and vaccine development.

Effect of Cyclosporine A and Matrine on the Reversion of Multidrug Resistance of K562/ADM Line and Application of Microfluidic Chip in the Study of Dr

Objective:This paper was to study the reversal effect of cyclosporine A(CsA)and matrine(MAT)on multidrug resistance cell line K562/ADM and to investigate the reversal mechanism of this combination,and to provide theoretic evidence of the clinical application of them as resistance modifying agents,then to evaluate microfluidic chip in detecting the modulation of drug efflux of anticancer compounds by MDR modulators at single cell level.Method:The major group was divided as follows:(1)K562/S cell line; (2)K562/ADM cell line;(3)K562/ADM cell line with CsA;(4)K562/ADM cell line with MAT;(5)K562/ADM cell line with CsA and MAT.Cell toxicity and reversal time of CsA and/or MAT on tumor cells were determined by MTT assay.Cell apoptosis percentage was determined by flow cytometry.The reversal effect of CsA and MAT along with ADM on K562/ADM was discussed with the mentioned data above.Intracellular drug concentration was determined by spectrophotofluorometry,flow cytometry and microfluidic chip,respectively.In order to discuss the mechanism of reversal effect of CsA and MAT,expression of P-gp coded by MDR-1 gene was observed using immunohistochemical technique and changes of P-gp were determined by flow cytometry.Results:1.CsA or MAT could inhibit the growth of K562/S and K562/ADM,its IC50 had no statistical difference(P＞0.05).Non-cytotoxic dosage and low-cytotoxic dosage of CsA and MAT were determined by MTT assay.Non-cytotoxic dosage was selected as reversal dosage;2.Used along with ADM,IC50of both K562/ADM with CsA and K562/ADM with MAT were lower than that of K562/ADM(P＜0.01),but still higher than that of K562/ADM with CsA and MAT(P＜0.01).When two agents combined together, the reversal effect was better than that of the sum of CsA or MAT alone,coinciding with the increasing of cell apoptosis percentage determined by FCM;3.CsA and MAT (alone or combination)enhanced the intracellular ADM accumulation in K562/ADM, higher than that of K562/ADM(P＜0.01).The result of intracellular ADM accumulation detected by microfluidic chip coincided with the result detected by FCM; 4.lmmunohistochemical results showed the overexpression of P-gp in K562/ADM; 5.P-gp expression of K562/ADM with MAT was lower than that of K562/ADM(P＜0.01), but still higher than that of K562/ADM with CsA and MAT(P＜0.01).And no significant difference on P-gp expression was found between K562/ADM with CsA and K562/ADM(P＞0.05).Conclusions:1.CsA and MAT were effective antitumor drugs with inhibiting effect on tumor cells.K562/ADM had no drug resistance to CsA and MAT;2. Non-cytotoxic dosage of CsA and MAT could partly reverse the MDR of K562/ADM. The effect of combination of two agents was superior to that of single use due to their coordinate effect;3.A microfluidic chip that was capable of selecting and retaining single multidrug-resistant cancer cells can be used to investigate drug efflux inhibition in leukemia cell lines effectively.This novel method has an extensive application for drug selection and individual anticancer therapy in future;4.0ver expression of P-gp was related to mechanism of MDR;5.The reversing mechanism of CsA and MAT has relation to the decreasing of P-gp probably.

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