Study on the New Genes of Sow Fertility

After corresponding analysis of the relationship with sow gestation,three Expressed sequence tag(CK455976、CK465614 and CO986776)on the top of Sow gestation relevant gene regulatory networks which was constructed by former researcher in our laboratory was selected to do forward research.Using the total RNA extracted from sow ovaries(85-days-pregnacy) and primers designed according to the sequence of these EST,cDNA complete sequence of these three genes have been obtained using RT-PCR and RACE-PCR technology.And after bioinformatics analysis, tissue expressed analysis and chromosome location,we got the results:(1) The full-length cDNA sequence from the porcine CK455976 were cloned,and the cDNA was 596bp with an entire open reading frame,encoding 117 amino acids.The sequences have been deposited in GenBank database,the accession number is FJ436413. The predicted nucleotide sequence similarity with human,mouse,dog and macaca mulatta DPPA5 gene were respectively 83%,70%,80%,83%,and the amino acid sequence were respectively 74%,55%,69%,74%.The INRA-Minnesota porcine radiation hybrid panel(IMpRH) were employed to determine the chromosomal locations of the DPPA5.The DPPA5 was localized to 1p1.3,with close linkage to SW1123 (LOD=5.82).(2) The full-length cDNA sequence from the porcine CK465614 was cloned.The sequences have been deposited in GenBank database,the accession number is FJ750950. The longth of complete sequence is 5003bp,contain an open reading frame which codes a polypeptide of 362 amino acids.The predicted nucleotide sequence similarity with human,mouse,cattle,horse,dog and macaca mulatta FP gene were respectively 77%,81%,81%,80%,89%,74%and the amino acid sequence were respectively 66.3%, 82.8%,87.6%,86.4%,86.6%,85.9%.There were a G-protein linked receptor family at 43-304 position(Prosite:PS50262,Score20.693).IMpRH was used for determining the chromosomal regional location of the pig FP gene,The result of the data analysis indicated that FP gene was mapped to the region of SSC6q31-q32,with close linkage to SW16472(LOD=12.61)and S0299(LOD=10.56),and normal linkage to SWR726 (LOD=6.79).Result of RT-PCT revealed that FP gene was highly expressed in ovary and endometrium,followed by spleen,heart,kidney,stomach,and no expressed in liver.(3) The full-length cDNA sequence from the porcine CO986776 was cloned.The sequences have been deposited in GenBank database,the accession number is FJ603023. The longth of complete sequence is 2585bp,contain an open reading frame which is codes a polypeptide of 176 amino acids.The predicted nucleotide sequence similarity with human,mouse,cattle and macaca mulatta MAL2 gene were respectively75%, 70%,81%,74%and the amino acid sequence were respectively90%,90%,93%,84%. Constructive domain analysis by ExPASy ScanProsite indicate that there is a MARVEL domain(Prosite:PS51225,Score 15.143) at 31-175 position.The result of the data analysis indicated that MAL2 gene was mapped to the region of SSC4p12-p13, with close linkage to SWR73(LOD=6.38) and normal linkage to S0001(LOD=6.35) and SWR2179(LOD=5.07).Result of RT-PCT revealed that MAL2 gene was highly expressed in stomach,followed by liver,kidney,endometrium,ovary,and no expressed in heart and spleen.

Effects of Biogas Residue on the Nature of Substrate and Growth of Tomato in Greenhouse

In this experiment,three compound substrates with biogas residue and Coal cinder,as well as pure biogas residue and pure coal cinder were used as substrate for greenhouse tomato cultivation.The treatments were as follows:(T1) pure coal cinder,(T2) 1 biogas residue + 3coal cinder(ⅴ/ⅴ),(T3) 1 biogas residue + 1 coal cinder,(T4) 3 biogas residue + 1 coal cinder,(T5) pure biogas residue.The experiment was taken by potted plants and the pot was 6 liter.The experiment had 5 treatments,each treatment with 5 pots,one plant each pot,and 3 replicates,and it was designed by randomized block. The physical and chemical properties,enzyme and microbiology of the substrate and the tomato plant growth and development,fruit quality and yeild were determinated.The major results were as follows:1.Biogas residue increased the value of pH and EC of substrate.In the course of plant growth, the value of pH in substrate changed differently,and the pH value of T1 and T2 increased slghly, While the pH value of T4 and T5 decreased slightly,that was the of pH value in substrates with higher content of biogas residue increased,while the pH value in substrate with higher content of coal cinder decreased during the growth of tomato plant.The main reason for the pH increasing was that:first, decomposition of biogas residue released plenty of nutrients,and the more residue biogas the more nutrients were released;second,the transpiration of tomato plants relatively increased,both of which had increased the Ca2+,Mg2+ and other ions' accumulation in substrates.The EC value of T1,T2,T3 decreased,of which the EC value of T3 was appropriate and decreased little,and the EC value of T4 and T5 increased first and decreased later,which reflected that biogas residue had characteristics of slow and long-lasting nutrient releasing.As result of containing large biogas residue,the EC value of T4 and T5 were as high as 3.14 ms·cm-1、3.39 ms·cm-1 respectively which led to a certain degree of salt accumulation It was entirely feasible to use a certain percentage of biogas residue and coal cinder as compound substrates for soilless cultivation,and T3 had the best properties,with bulk density between 0.46g·cm-3 and 0.48g·cm-3,EC value between 1.95 ms·cm-1 and 2.58 ms·cm-1x.2.Biogas residue improved the number of microorganisms in substrate.The results showed that the number of bacteria,actinomyces,fungi,cellulose-decomposing bacteria increased with the increase of the content of biogas residue in substrates;as compared with pure coal cinder substrate, substrates with biogas residue significantly increased the number of various types of microorganisms, especially improved the distribution of rhizosphere microorganisms in soilless culture substrate.Pure biogas residue treatment had a largest effect on microorganisms,which had the most number of bacteria,actinomyces,fungi,cellulose-decomposing bacteria,they were 8.40～20.85×107cfu·g-1、3.2～46.00×106cfu·g-1、26.00～62.02×104cfu·g-1、0.94～14.03×106cfu.g-1 respectively.Biogas residue promoted the proliferation of microorganisms to speed up the decomposition of organic matter and nutrients fixed to improve the effectiveness and utilization of nutrients.3.Biogas residue improved the activity of enzyme in substrate.The effects of different substrate treatments on the activity of enzyme showed that,as compared with pure coal cinder,substrates with biogas residue enhanced the activity of phosphatase,invertase,urease proteinase,cellulose significantly, in general,the activity of enzyme enhanced as the content of biogas residue increased in substrate,and the activity of invertase and urease were highest,in T5,while the activity of proteinase and cellulose were highest in T4.Substrate enzymes involved in biochemical processes in substrate,were closely related to the release and storage of nutrients,as well as the formation of humus,substrate structure and physical properties,as a result they could improve substrate activity and ability of nutrients transformation.4.Biogas residue increased tomato plant's height,stem diameter,leaf number and root activity. Tomato plants in substrates with more biogas residue had more vigorous stronger growth on height, stem diameter and leaf number.Biogas residue increased the root activity of tomato plants,highest record of root activity occurred in T4,followed by T5、T3、T2,and there were no significant differences with T4,but T4、T5、T3、T2 were significantly higher than T1 by 118%、67%、63%、20%respectively.5.Biogas residue improved tomato fruit's quality and yield.Biogas residue improved tomato fruit soluble sugar content,lowered titratable acid content,and increased the sugar/acid ratio,of which T3 was highest and reached 6.24;but biogas residue had little effects on vitamin C.Biogas residue increased tomato yield,T4 had the highest yield,followed by.T5、T3、T2,and the yield of T4,T5, T3,T2 were all significantly higher than the pure coal cinder treatment by 200%,190%,142%,129% respectively。6.In compound substrates,it is appropriate for tomato cultivation in greenhouse when the volume ratio of biogas residue is between 50%and 75%.

Experimental Study on Producing Different Grist with Extruder

With the rapid development of animal husbandry, extrusion technology has become an increasing concern as an important means of feed production. To improve the production capacity, reduce production costs and improve the adaptation of extruder to different raw materials have become the most urgent task now.The paper expatiated on the mechanism and process of grain extrusion, deduced yield model of the extrusion with reference to the screw extruder molding plastic theory. According to the extrusion theory as well as the production model, the effect of extruder configuration, screw speed, and raw materials to extruder specifications were also discussed.In this paper, a three-factor two-level orthogonal test was carried out. According to the analysis of test data, optimal configuration for soybean was gained. We can see that the screw speed affect output obviously, the higher the speed, the greater the extruder's output. Besides, when changing the speed, it is necessary to properly adjust the size of the screw configuration and dies to improve the screw transmission capacity of materials in case of plugging or steam back-flow in the extruder. For specific models, to select the best operating parameters can maximize utilization of extruder and improve economic efficiency. Rice bran, corn and wheat were also processed with ETS195 in this paper. The paper compared system parameters of extruder when processing different materials, and gave some suggestions for the Multi-functional Extruder processing different materials.

Study on Policy of Government Payment for Rural Public Health in China

China is a society that separate city and rural area. The rural living and working environment is different with city. Government set a separate policy system for rural health development for a long time.ⅠThe goals and backgroundSome cases make me consider about some questions that relate with government payment for public health, such as, Should government be responsible for rural public health? If the compensation is necessary, which ways could be taken? Which health insurance system is active? How to select for government? Can they change the live of population? We decided study on policy of government payment for rural public health. To answer these questions, we have to learn about the history and background of policy framework. Then, select few key issues to discus further and find the theories to support these views. Finally, put forward reasonable suggestions based on discussion and theories.According to these questions and contents, we have to make literature review firstly. The goal is learn about the policy history for rural public health payment, the challenges and selected revolutions. Which level government should pay responsibility for rural public health payment? How about the relationship between central and local government? From the government, we can learn about the flow backs and the obstacles for rural public health payment through key person interview. Through investigation for health care institutes, learn about the standards and ways of government payment for supplies. Finally, we explore the relationship between health status and government payment through checking the national investigation result. These social methods are simple and operated for the team. we can get the goals of study through these methods.

In other sides, as we get the support from MOH, we can invite experts to evaluate the reports and give us more valuable suggestions in the whole process. The contribution of the study lie on identifying the framework of government payment for rural public health, help select the way of payment and explore development of rural health insurance system to direct the future policy selection.The increasing medical cost is the big challenge for Chinese health system. The increasing income level of individual is much lower than increasing medical expenditure level. In 1999, the individual income had increased by 288% and 222% in city and rural area than in 1990. Compare to clinical expenditure, the increasing rate is 625%. According to the data from National Bureau of Statistics of China, every family expends 1.92% of total income to health care service. In 1999, the rate had been 3.16%, and the poorer family, the higher rate. It is more difficult to compensate the health care service only depend on user fee. The health institutes face financial constrains and for the population, it is the necessary result of increasing self medical, decreasing the utility and access of health care. The equity of health care has been threatened and health demand could not be provided.From the result of the three health care investigations, the population covered by health insurance has decreased from 30.2% to 23.6% in 1993– 1998. The lack of health insurance is more serious in rural area. In 1993, the population that enjoys the health insurance is 12.8%, but just only 9% population could accept the health insurance. Most of the people have to pay for health care services that they need. The disease burden has been increased.That data show the health payment policy have some flow back for a long time, such as the payment framework is not good enough, the responsibility of government is not clear, the criteria of payment should be proved effectively, government should pay more attention to health care service in poor. Health payment policy is one of the key points in health reform progress. The evaluation criteria, such as access of health care, equity and effective, quality of health care, poor release, have been impacted by implementation of health payment policy.

The effective health payment policy will make great contribution for the success of health reform.The essay interviewed the framework of rural health payment from 1949, analysis the reason of health payment by using economic theory, political theory, and discussing the payment relationship between different level governments, the format of provider payment, and the development of supply payment through literature review, question investigation and deeply interview.

MethodsData collection methods: literature review, deep talking with key person, question investigationsData analysis method: describing and exploring, the concept and theory of economic, investment theory, cost theory, demand theory, limited resource, stakeholder analysis, valuable analysis.Quality control: In the design and prepare period, we invited expert to discuses the topic and took the pre-investigation for making sure the feasible and science. We try to select the right individuals and groups to investigate. Making sure the valuable second-hand material that had been collected from Analysis Report of National Health Services survey, etc.

The resultsDraft the government health payment frameworks in different periods through induction of history literature and analysis the frameworks by using political theory. Make sure the development and direction of health payment policy and get the common policy characters in different time. The goal of policy is more and more clear and detail. Compare to the two goals described in different periods, we can get the conclusion. The responsibility of different level government is more and more clear. The financial decentralization had been the basic of health payment policy. Government gradually becomes the main body of health payment from 2002. Payment has become the main action to attract excellent staff. The people began explore more financial payment for health care providers from just based on institutes ability. The shortage of the original format is that the health care providers will get more financial payment through increasing beds and staff. The modern criteria are based on output of health care and utility. These changes show the development of society.Analysis the important function, policy goal, coverage of research, challenge and standard of government health payment through using the theory of rural economic, public health, health investment, equity and effective. Discuss about the relationship among health provider, health insurance, utility of health care service and government payment. Finally, we get the basic theory framework of government health payment. Interview with policy makers and operators from different province and collect some key information to learn about the key impact elements, different character and problems.In western province, the health payment need be supported by central financial and the ability of local government is limited. Health payment focused on renew of equipments, but the quality of staff and service should be improved by taking right payment way. In middle province, the interviewer hope to increase the degree of financial transfer, change the structure of health payment, strengthen the input for township hospital and other public health institutes and build the sustainable system of health payment. In east province, local governments have enough ability to pay for the rural public health, but the payment direction is not clear and the waste is serious. From these results, we can get the conclusion that the low equity and effective of government health payment is common challenge.

DiscussionsDue to the imbalance of health payment in different province, we classified the public health as four types. Global public health services (infection disease monitoring, STD and AIDS monitoring) usually are paid attention by international organization. National public health services should be paid by central financial. Regional public health and local public health should be paid by provincial and local government. In additional, central government should increase input to poor province and area through transfer payment.Discussing about the health provider payment, how to pay for the different providers is the main topic in the sector. Some evidences show that if the payment is reasonable, private providers effectively provide public health services; if the payment is unreasonable, public providers also provide unnecessary public health services. Due to the different style providers exist, we have several payment ways to select. We suggest that budget payment based on health demand, government purchase and separate of revenue and expenditure.Discuss about demand payment model. We describe and explain the structure of medical insurance, the political background of CMA and progress. We think that the clinical services should be the necessary item paid by government, design payment level according to health demand. Compare to the medical insurance in urban and rural area and describe the medical insurance in other countries for exploring the future way. Finally, put forward the basic budget principle for MFA and the development.As conclusion, in the framework, we try to explore the future policy development. Firstly, we identified government as the payer. The relationship between different level governments affects the development of policy. As building public financial system, the relationship between central and local government must have some obviously changes. It is the necessary future that clears responsibility and the balance of revenue and expenditure. Secondly, from economic theory, some indexes that show the health status and coverage of primary health care had improved. But we don’t know whether the other indexes that show input also get reasonable increase or not. The policy development will focus on effective change the live of population through adjust the structure and basic direction of payment. Thirdly, there are some shortages of payment policy, such as lacking evidence for payment, but we have realized the problem. Contacting with discussion sectors, we compare different standards and ways of payment. The future policy will make more correct selection. Fourthly, the standards for government payment are not just the cost-effect ion. Political standards are another important standards. Government should be responsible for keeping the stable of society. So public health should share the financial resources with other public affair. Keeping sustainable development is another important goal for policy development.

The creation of studyDescribe the basic framework of rural public health payment policy From the new view, identify the relationship between public health payment and public financial system.Describe the policy for the future.

A Study of Preparation and Properties of Nanocomposite Coatings

Recently, nanocomposite plating technology has received increasing attention in view of the interesting possibilities that the codeposition of the nano-particles with metal phases can bring a remarkable improvement on physical and chemical properties of the coatings. In this thesis, we have investigated the preparation and property of Ni-W/SiC nanocomposite coating, Ni-W/ZrOB2 Bnanocomposite coatings and Ni-P/WC nanocomposite coating. Source from:
A Study of Preparation and Properties of Nanocomposite Coatings

Study of Sustainable Development of the Business Incubator

It is a most important way to promote the industrialization of science and technology by constructing and developing business incubators in China and most of the other countries. Business incubator plays an important role in speeding up the commercial use of scientific discoveries, cultivating the high-tech enterprises and the excellent enterprisers.
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Isolation, Detection of Enterovirus and Establishment of Quick, High-throughput EV71 Neutralization Assay

Hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD) is popular in children,which is caused by many enteroviruses.EV71 is the main agents of HFMD in china these years.The HFMD caused by EV71 sometimes is associated with the hurt in central neural system,but there are no diagnostic reagents and effective vaccine against EV71,so the research of EV71 is very important to the development of EV71 diagnostic reagent and vaccine.In this research,we have build a platform of enterovirus isolation and identification,and a quick、high-throughput EV71 neutralizing method,we also do some basic research on the EV71 animal model.All these work will make a contribution to the research of EV71 diagnostic reagents and vaccine.In this research,we build a panel of enterovirus through virus isolation and culture,including 37 strains of EV71,9 strains of CA16 and 11 strains of non EV71＆CA16.We can do a large scale of EV71 production,concentration and purification.Now we have achieved EV71 virus with a high titer and purity.EV71 neutralization assay is important in the detection of ev71 infection.Virus isolation,RT-PCR and neutralizing test are gold criterions of EV71 indentify.The virus isolation and RT-PCR sometimes are difficult because of the virus titers are too low,so neutralization assay is a credible method to detect someone who have ever infected by EV71.In addition,the level of neutralizing antibody is important in EV71 vaccine development.The TCID_50 test is a general method now used to detect the EV71 neutralizing antibody.This method is tome-consuming,need 7 days to wait for the results.The workload is too heavy to do enough samples.The manual estimation may cause subjective error.So the TCID_50 test can not afford the quick and high-throudhput EV71 neutralization assay.In this research,we eatablished a new method for EV71 neutralization assay.This method is based on Elispot and CTL automated spot-scanning.We used a EV71 antibody marked with HRP to capture the EV71 which infected RD cells,then add TMB to make the infected cells be blue spots.We can achieve the results through the CTL automated spot-scanning apparatus.This method is quick and high-throughput, we need only 30 hours to get the results.The automated scanning is more creditable and stable then TCID_50 method.We have do some work to optimize the new EV71 neutralization assay to make it more stable.This method has a good relativity with TCID_50 method,the sensitivity,speciality and repeatability of new method is good, this research make a proof for the use and popularize of the new EV71 neutralization assay.Now,there are no good vaccine for enterovirus except the IPV and OPV for poliovirus.The EV71 vaccine development is important,the EV71 animal model is the basement of vaccine development.This research also do some experiment about the EV71 animal model.We make ICR neonatal mice as a EV71-infected model,the mice infected by EV71 show some syndromes of weigh-lost,tremble,paralysis and even death.The immunoassay of tissues show that there are EV71 in the brain of the dead mice,this basic work is useful for the later EV71 animal research and vaccine development.

The Study of Population Dynamics Behavior with Diffusion

Species dispersal and migration are one of the most prevalent phenomena of nature,and therefore become one of the most interested subjects for researchers no matter inhome and abroad. In this paper, based on the study of other authors, we give a moredepth and abroad research about the species dispersal and migration. The main contentsof this paper include: two species predator-prey Lotka-Volterra type continuous dispersalsystem with delay and Holling type II response function, two patches periodic singlespecies impulsive diffusion logistic system and two patches periodic predator-prey systemwith prey impulsive diffusion.The main contents in this paper can be summarized as follows:1. In section 1, firstly, we introduce the ecological background of this paper. Then,it is given that some research conclusion recently about continuous dispersal system andimpulsive dispersal system. We investigate our research system finally.2. In section 2, it is studied that two species predator-prey Lotka-Volterra typecontinuous dispersal system with delay and Holling type II response function. By usingcomparison theory and some analysis methods, suffcient conditions of integrable form forthe boundedness, permanence, extinction and existence of positive periodic solution areestablished, respectively.3. In section 3, we study a periodic single species logistic system with impulsivediffusion in two patches, suffcient and necessary conditions on the existence, uniquenessand global asymptotically stable of periodic solution and the extinction of species for thissystem are established by applying some analysis methods and constructing appropriateLyapunov function. Moreover, for the system with n patches, we obtained analogousresults using the same methods.4. Finally, in section 4, we study a periodic predator-prey system with prey impulsivediffusion in two patches, by using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equationand other analysis methods, suffcient and necessary conditions on the permanence and extinction of prey population for the predator-prey system with predator have other foodsource are established and, considering the predator-prey system with predator have notother food source, we show the suffcient and necessary conditions that under which thepredator population will be permanent or extinct exactly.The results show that our conclusions are perfect, and it is meaningful since there arefew studies about nonautonomous impulsive diffusion single species system and predator-prey system.

On the Dynamical Behaviors in Chemostat Model with Nutrient Recycling and Impulsive Input

Dynamical behaviors of chemostat model is an important conception with rich con-notation, which mainly includes extinction, permanence, local or global attractive, pe-riodicity and oscillation and so on. We can predict the growth rhythm and trend ofdevelopment of the chemostat through investigating the dynamical behaviors, and wecan have the optimal policy, then we can make the chemostat have the optimal growth.These will have very important theoretical and practical meaning to keep the populationdiversity and sustainable development of ecosystem. In this paper, we perform researchesof two chemostat models, which include: a chemostat model with nutrient recycling anddelays and a Monod type chemostat model with nutrient recycling and impulsive input.The main contents in this paper can be summarized as follows:1. In the first section we introduce the background, developmental process andsignificance of chemostat. Then we introduce the research results of chemostat. Finally,the organization of the paper is given.2. In the second section, a chemostat model with nutrient recycling and delays isstudied. Some conditions on the permanence and extinction of the chemostat are estab-lished and the globally asymptotically stability are obtained by constructing a Lyapunovfunction. Lastly, an example is given.3. In the third section, a Monod type chemostat model with nutrient recyclingand impulsive input is analyzed. we obtain some conditions about the extinction andpermanence of the chemostat. Then the globally asymptotically stability are obtained bycomparison theorem of impulsive di?erential equation. Lastly, an example is given.

Geochemical Fields of Metallic Deposits in West Qinling

Under the guidances of Orogenic Metallogeny, Geochemistry, and Self-Organized Criticality, and on the basis of previously basic geology, geology of mineral resources, and the data of regional geochemistry and mineral geochemistry, this paper had given a systematic state and acquired a number of results about a series of topics in west Qinling, such as composition of all geological units, metallogenic regularities, geochemical processes of ore-forming, patterns of geochemical fields of metallic deposits, geochemically metallogenic forecast models of mineral deposits, and large-middle scale of forecast models of typical ore deposits.
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Change in the Exchange Rate of the RMB and Employment of the Labor Force in China

The change in the exchange rate of RMB will affect many aspects of Chinese economy.What beneficial effects on economy and what effects inimical to economy has long been the focus of academic community.However,some issues are less mentioned,for instance,the relationship between change of the RMB exchange rate and employment,one of the important measures of economic development and social stability;the channels through which the change of the RMB exchange rate influence the employment;the measures China should take to stabilize the employment rate when there are changes in the RMB exchange rate.It is clear that a careful analysis of these issues will have a great practical significance for the economic development in China.Firstly,the paper introduces some related concepts of employment and exchange rate,focused on the difference between the nominal and real exchange rates,price index that impacts the calculation of real effective exchange rate,characteristics of the labor market and the present situation and major issues of labor-intensive industries in China,and reviews the academic study of the relationship between the change of exchange rate and employment and explains the research characteristics of this paper.The second chapter depicts the present situation of RMB and employment in China,and explores the correlation of change in the RMB exchange rate and fluctuations in employment.The third chapter analyzes mechanism of the impact of changes in the RMB exchange rate on the employment in China.The change in the RMB exchange rate indirectly acts on the employment mainly through foreign trade, investment and consumption.Under the same condition,RMB appreciation will cause the decline in employment through the three factors,and vice versa.According to the analysis in the previous chapters,the fourth chapter makes analysis from exchange rate changes to stimulating the economic development of our country,and then to the employment transmission mechanism.Aiming at the impact of change in the RMB exchange rate on employment,the paper sums up the main conclusions and propose policy recommendations.

The Study on BCO Service Innovation of Sino-US Shipping Line

Since April,2007,due to the subprime mortgage crisis,the lifting growth of Sino-US shipping line declines to the lowest in the past 12 years,and most shipping companies in the United States announce the trans-pacific line is caught in a deficit. To cope with the market fluctuation,it's very important for the survival of shipping companies to set up a quality customer base who has stable shipment and can bring greater gains to the line.Therefore,the high grade BCO(Beneficial Cargo Owner) become chasing target for every large container shipping company.However,most U.S.import BCO is marketing integration of large retail enterprises,and is the globalization and the combination of modern logistics philosophy.They seek carriers who are competitive,reliable,efficient,service-oriented.To be invincible in the fierce competition,container shipping companies must use the method of“service innovation”,keep for innovation and development,and improve the service. Only by this can the shipping companies keep their own benefit pattern.Therefore, the research of BCO service innovation of Sino-US shipping line is significant.The theory of this paper is service innovation,and the research method is case analysis.Firstly,it introduces the development of container transportation and the general situation of BCO service at Sino-US shipping line.Secondly,it introduces the basic theory of service innovation,review the service characteristics of BCO service,and classify the service characteristics,and form the target which influences the core competitiveness of container shipping companies.Then,it analyses the Four-dimensional degree model of BCO service innovation and also illustrate the role of each core interface element.Finally,by case analysis of the service innovation of great shipping companies,it makes suggestions to the BCO service innovation at Sino-US shipping line for the container shipping companies.This contribution of this paper is to combine with advanced service innovation theory,to make systemic analysis of the characteristics of BCO service at Sino-US shipping line,to provide valuable insights and make suggestions to the BCO service innovation.

Changes of Biochemical Properties and Freshness Evaluationin in Some Maricultured Fish-shellfishes Stored at Low Temperature_Latest Science Articles

In recent years,maricultured fisheries have developed rapidly in china,and taking the fresh or live sale as the main way can not adapt to the condition that the yield of fish and shellfishes quickly increase.It is very important to keep the freshness of the maricultured fish molluscs by iced or frozen storage.

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The Study of Product Differentiation and Compatibility Decisions of Firms in Network Economy_Latest Science Articles

Nowadays networks are a central issue. They connect individuals, communities, firms and structure the workings of society as a whole. Especially, in knowledge-intensive industries firms can use networks to optimize resources, response markets rapidly, share costs and realize technique innovations more efficiently. This is so-called "new economy" by Puffert and its most significant feature is network externality. Network externality, also called scale of economy of demands, means that the individual benefit from, and consequently individual willingness to pay for, consumption of the good (service) is increasing in the number of people consuming the same good (service) or a compatible one.

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